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Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women
''Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women'' is a 1978 book about homosexuality by psychologist Alan P. Bell and sociologist Martin S. Weinberg. Together with ''Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography'' (1972), it was part of a series of books that culminated in the publication of ''Sexual Preference'' in 1981.〔Bell 1981. pp. iv, 238.〕〔Bell 1972. p. iv.〕 The work was a publication of the Institute for Sex Research.〔Rice 1980. p. 280.〕〔DeCecco 1982. p. 282.〕 Though ''Homosexualities'' was influential, and is sometimes seen as a classic work, many of Bell and Weinberg's findings have become dated due to social changes since 1978, such as the AIDS epidemic and the progress of the gay rights movement.
==Background==
Alfred Kinsey had intended to publish a study of homosexuality to complement ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Male'' (1948) and ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Female'' (1953), but died before being able to produce such a volume. Following Kinsey's death, the Institute for Sex Research became involved in other projects and did not focus its attention on homosexuality again until the late 1960s. Stanley Yolles of the National Institute of Mental Health established the National Institute of Mental Health Task Force on Homosexuality, which held its first meeting in 1967, and decided that further research into homosexuality was needed. The NIMH Task Force invited the Institute for Sex Research to submit a proposal for a comprehensive study of the development of homosexuality. The Institute's proposal, based upon many of the NIMH Task Force's recommendations, was modified after consultation with NIMH officials.〔Kinsey 1948. p. ii.〕〔Kinsey 1953. p. iv.〕〔Bell 1978. pp. 9-14.〕
Bell and Weinberg, during the initial stages of their work, consulted with numerous experts on homosexuality who often held views quite different from theirs. Those listed as contributors to the study included ethologist Frank A. Beach, psychoanalyst Irving Bieber, Wainright Churchill, psychologist Albert Ellis, anthropologist Paul Gebhard, psychologist Evelyn Hooker, sociologist Laud Humphreys, psychiatrist Judd Marmor, sexologist Wardell Pomeroy, sociologist Edward Sagarin, psychiatrist Robert Stoller, psychologist Clarence Arthur Tripp, and sociologist Colin J. Williams. Bell and Weinberg commented that, "Our correspondence and personal meetings with these individuals were of great help to us in constructing a viable interview schedule. While the final instrument, devised over many meetings of various Institute personnel, did not entirely please or represent the views of any one person associated with it, the interview schedule in its final form was the result of endless discussions and sometimes painful compromise on the part of many highly committed people."〔Bell 1978. pp. 14-15, 491.〕
''Homosexualities'' was part of a series of books that resulted from what Bell and Weinberg called the San Francisco Study.〔Bell 1978. p. 25.〕 The series began with ''Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography'' in 1972 and culminated in the publication of ''Sexual Preference'' in 1981.〔Bell 1981. pp. iv, 238.〕〔Bell 1972. p. iv.〕 The book's direct predecessor was ''Patterns of Adjustment in Deviant Populations'', a 1967 survey of white gay men in Chicago designed by Bell and Gebhard and funded by NIMH. This pilot study contained many questions identical to those used in ''Homosexualities'',〔Bell 1978. pp. 10, 22.〕 which was a survey of gay men and lesbians carried out in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1969 and 1970.〔LeVay 1995. p. 62〕
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